![]() Frame & Packetĭigital data exchange within a computer network uses frames and packets. The following figure explains the above process: When the packets arrive at the Physical Layer of the target network (Host2 in the above figure), each layer at the target email server processes the packets to retrieve the data and show our email in the target Inbox. Data Link Layer prepares the packet to transfer over the Ethernet, and the Physical Layer eventually transmits the frame over the physical connection like LAN cable, WiFi, or broadband. It is interesting that even if each packet is travelling for the same target, the route they use to travel may be different. The Network Layer defines the routing path of packets by adding corresponding IP addresses. The Transport Layer splits the message into multiple packets and adds port information of both source and destination servers. The Session Layer establishes and maintains the connection with the target server. The Presentation Layer converts our mail into ASCII and images. In the Application Layer, the email client uses SMTP protocol to communicate with the email server when we send an email. Each layer of the source server communicates to the corresponding layer of the target server. Let’s take the example of email communication to understand TCP communication: We can see from the above figure an email undergoes processing through the seven layers of the OSI model. We’ll explain more about how the packet works in subsequent sections. ![]() Almost all connections involving the internet uses a TCP connection. ![]() TCP receives messages from a network resource such as a server, router, switches, splits them into packets, and finally forwards them to the target network resource. TCP connection uses TCP, one of the core protocols in the internet protocol suite, and offers a dependable protocol for digital communication. ![]()
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